Impact of Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Impact of Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) was a historic point sacred law instance of the US Supreme Court. It maintained state racial segregation laws for open offices under the tenet of Separate but equal. Separate but equal stayed standard teaching in U.S. law until its disavowal in the 1954 Supreme Court choice Brown v. Board of Education. After the Supreme Court administering, the New Orleans Committee of Citizens, which had brought the suit and had orchestrated Homer Plessys capture in the act of crime to test Louisianas segregation law, expressed, We, as freemen, still believe that we were correct and our cause is sacred. The choice was passed on by a vote of 7 to 1 with the dominant part feeling composed by Justice Henry Billings Brown and the dissent composed by Justice John Marshall Harlan.   Ã‚   In summary of the Opinion of the Court, Justice Brown proclaimed, We consider the underlying fallacy of the plaintiffs argument to consist in the assumption that the enforced separation of the two races stamps the colored race with a badge of inferiority. If this be so, it is not because of anything found in the act, but solely because the colored race chooses to put that construction upon it. Justice Brown additionally referred to a Boston case maintaining segregation based schools. While the Court did not discover a distinction in quality between the whites-just and blacks-just railroad trains, this was plainly untrue because most other separate offices, for example, open toilets, bistros, and government funded schools, where the offices assigned for blacks were reliably of lesser quality than those for whites. Justice John Marshall Harlan disagreed from the larger part sentiment. In an assessment that later got to be distinctly vital in the Brown v. Board of Education cases (1954), he contended that segregationist enactment, like the Louisiana law for this situation, depended on the presumption that colored residents are so second-class and debased that they cant be permitted to sit in public coaches involved by white individuals. These laws advanced and sustained the conviction that African Americans were mediocre compared to whites, as per Justice Harlan. They should be struck down, he contended, since the legislature proved unable allow the seeds of race hate to be planted under the authority of the law. Justice Harlan trusted that the constitution must be colorblind, and that it could permit no superior, overwhelming decision class of citizens. Because segregation had the impact of making such classes, he judged, it was unlawful. Plessy addressed the state laws setting up racial segregation in the South and gave a driving force to further segregation laws. It additionally addresses laws in the North requiring racial segregation as in the Boston school segregation case noted by Justice Brown as he would see it. Administrative achievements won amid the Reconstruction Era were eradicated through methods for the separate but equal teaching. The regulation had been fortified likewise by a 1875 Supreme Court choice that restricted the central governments capacity to mediate in state undertakings, ensuring to Congress just the power to control states from demonstrations of racial separation and segregation. The decision essentially allowed states administrative resistance when managing inquiries of race, ensuring the states entitlement to execute racially isolate foundations, requiring them just to be equal. I believe this was the correct choice made by the Supreme Court, since this case prompted Martin Luther King Jrs. development for equality, unity, safety and well-being for all individuals in the United States, and Brown v. Leading group of instruction, permitting colored and white students to reside in the same schools. Railroad car for whites vs colored: Justice Harlan The Great Dissenter: Sources used: http://landmarkcases.org/en/Page/436/Summary_of_the_Decision http://sageamericanhistory.net/reconstruction/documents/Harlan.htm https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/supreme-court-rules-in-plessy-v-ferguson https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson

Hacking Defined :: essays research papers

A. What is hacking?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hacking is the act of penetrating computer systems to gain knowledge about the system and how it works.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hacking is illegal because we demand free access to ALL data, and we get it. This pisses people off and we are outcasted from society, and in order to stay out of prison, we must keep our status of being a hacker/phreaker a secret. We can't discuss our findings with anyone but other members of the hacking/phreaking community for fear of being punished. We are punished for wanting to learn. Why is the government spending huge amounts of time and money to arrest hackers when there are other much more dangerous people out there. It is the murderers, rapists, terrorists, kidnappers, and burglers who should be punished for what they have done, not hackers. We do NOT pose a threat to anyone. We are NOT out to hurt people or there computers. I admit that there are some people out there who call themselves hackers and who deliberately damage computers. But these people are criminals, NOT hackers. I don't care what the government says, we are NOT criminals. We are NOT trying to alter or damage any system. This is widely misunderstood. Maybe one day people will believe us when we say that all we want is to learn.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are only two ways to get rid of hackers and phreakers. One is to get rid of computers and telephones, in which case we would find other means of getting what we want.(Like that is really going to happen.) The other way is to give us what we want, which is free access to ALL information. Until one of those two things happen, we are not going anywhere. B. Why hack?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As said above, we hack to gain knowledge about systems and the way they work. We do NOT want to damage systems in any way. If you do damage a system, you WILL get caught. But, if you don't damage anything, it is very unlikely that you will be noticed, let alone be tracked down and arrested, which costs a considerable amount of time and money.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Beginners should read all the files that they can get their hands on about anything even remotely related to hacking and phreaking, BEFORE they start hacking. I know it sounds stupid and boring but it will definetly pay off in the future. The more you read about hacking and phreaking, the more unlikely it is that you will get caught. Hacking Defined :: essays research papers A. What is hacking?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hacking is the act of penetrating computer systems to gain knowledge about the system and how it works.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hacking is illegal because we demand free access to ALL data, and we get it. This pisses people off and we are outcasted from society, and in order to stay out of prison, we must keep our status of being a hacker/phreaker a secret. We can't discuss our findings with anyone but other members of the hacking/phreaking community for fear of being punished. We are punished for wanting to learn. Why is the government spending huge amounts of time and money to arrest hackers when there are other much more dangerous people out there. It is the murderers, rapists, terrorists, kidnappers, and burglers who should be punished for what they have done, not hackers. We do NOT pose a threat to anyone. We are NOT out to hurt people or there computers. I admit that there are some people out there who call themselves hackers and who deliberately damage computers. But these people are criminals, NOT hackers. I don't care what the government says, we are NOT criminals. We are NOT trying to alter or damage any system. This is widely misunderstood. Maybe one day people will believe us when we say that all we want is to learn.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are only two ways to get rid of hackers and phreakers. One is to get rid of computers and telephones, in which case we would find other means of getting what we want.(Like that is really going to happen.) The other way is to give us what we want, which is free access to ALL information. Until one of those two things happen, we are not going anywhere. B. Why hack?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As said above, we hack to gain knowledge about systems and the way they work. We do NOT want to damage systems in any way. If you do damage a system, you WILL get caught. But, if you don't damage anything, it is very unlikely that you will be noticed, let alone be tracked down and arrested, which costs a considerable amount of time and money.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Beginners should read all the files that they can get their hands on about anything even remotely related to hacking and phreaking, BEFORE they start hacking. I know it sounds stupid and boring but it will definetly pay off in the future. The more you read about hacking and phreaking, the more unlikely it is that you will get caught.

Rosalind Franklin Research on the X-ray Diffraction Techniques

Rosalind Franklin lived during an exciting and turbulent era both socially and scientifically. Upon passing the admission examination for Cambridge University in 1938, at fifteen, Franklin was was informed by her affluent family that she would not recieve financial support. Franklins father disapproved of women receiving college educations, however, both Franklins aunt and mother supported her quest for education. Eventually, her father gave in and agreed to pay her tuition. Franklin would later prove to be worth her education. As Rosalind Franklin was pursuing her degree World War II raged. She focused her research on coal, the most efficient use of energy resources. Five papers on the subject were published before Franklins 26th birthday. Further, Franklin had given up her fellowship to become a physical chemist at the British Coal Utilization Research Association at age 22. She was indeed an efficient and driven researcher. Franklin utilized the X-ray diffraction techniques (that she has become most famous for) while working in a Paris laboratory between 1947 and 1950, with crystallographer Jacques Mering. X-ray crystallography helped determined the three dimensional structure of DNA when Franklin returned to England. She became the first person to find the molecules sugar-phosphate backbone while working with a team of scientists at Kings College in London. Unfortunately, leadership misunderstandings and personality conflicts depreciated Franklins effectivness in the laboratory. Maurice Wilkins, the laboratorys second in command, returned from a vacation expecting Franklin to work under him. Franklin came to the laboratory with the understanding that she would be researching alone. While Franklin was direct and decisive, Wilkins tended to be alluding and passive-aggressive. As Franklin made further advances in DNA research, Wilkins secretly shared her findings with the famous duo of Watson and Crick, who were then working at Cambridge. Franklins discoveries fueled their research machine, allowing them to advance beyond others in the field. They would eventually publish on DNA structure in 1953. Due to discriminatory procedures at Kings College, Franklin eventually left to become the lead researcher at Londons Birbeck College–upon agreeing not to work on DNA. She furthered her studies in coal and made significant advances in virology. Franklin died in 1958 of ovarian cancer. She lived 37 monumentally significant years. After researching Rosalind Franklins scientific career, I truly believe that she was a pioneer rather than a follower. Her early coal work is still referred to today; she helped launch the fields of high-strength carbon fibers; and was an integral part of early structural virology. Had it not been for a cruel twist of fate, I believe that Franklin would have published first on DNA structure. She was the best in her field when it came to DNA analysis through X-ray diffraction. Franklin innovatively found a way to isolate an extremely fine X-ray beam and arrange her superfine DNA fibers into parallel bundles. She took her research to a higher level by analyzing molecular properties in adverse conditions such as humidity. Rosalind Franklins individualistic, self-dependent nature made it impossible for her to find satisfaction in following the scientific accomplishments of others.

Modernism in Architecture - 614 Words

Throughout history there have been many styles of architecture such as Greek, Roman, and Gothic which were designed to be suitable and representative to their time periods. As architecture moved towards a more secular epoch and away from the romance and traditions of earlier epochs, modernism became the new style (Rohe, 246). With the rise of this new style people began to wonder how modern architecture should be designed and whether older epochs should be used as precedents. In The Artless Word: Mies van der Rohe on the Building Art, Mies van der Rohe describes how modern architecture should be designed based on the present epoch, be true to its purpose, and make use of modern technology. The significance of earlier architecture is that the buildings by nature are impersonal works of entire eras (Rohe, 245). These buildings are pure representatives of the earlier epochs that symbolize the culture and style of the era. â€Å"All building art arises out of its own epoch and can only manifest itself in addressing vital tasks with the means of its own time† (245). The romance and traditions of past epochs have become meaningless in the modern age. For example, symbolism through grand embellishments which were once the noblest function of fine art and consider great components of architecture have become tasteless (Gropius, 49). â€Å"Modern building art refuses to play a mere decorative role in our life† and want to leave the aesthetic traditions of the past (Rohe, 241). Therefore, inShow MoreRelatedModernism And Its Impact On Art And Architecture1536 Words   |  7 Pages†¢ Modernism in oxford dictionary is defined as â€Å"A style or movement in the arts that aims to depart significantly from classical and traditional forms.† While this explanation defines modernism in design and architecture very clearly, roots of modernism are deeper. The movement of modernism has affected arts and design forever. Modernism was a start for designe rs to move forward and start making necessary changes to their pieces. As discussed before during the module a design needs to be functionalRead More Post Modernism and Architecture Essay1181 Words   |  5 PagesPost Modernism and Architecture If one were to walk around and casually ask five people what post modernism was they would probably get five different answers or none at all. It is one of those indefinable academic terms that applies to many different fields of study. 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For this essay I will first be looking at what the meaning of modernism and postmodernism is and I will also be looking at the different factors of both modernism and postmodernism and why modernism has declined and has been rejected. I will also be researching on how modernism and postmodernism started and why it started and for this I will be looking at differen t characteristic of both modernism and post modernism and compareRead MoreModernism, Modernity and Modernisation: Urban Growth in Melbourne Between the Wars1533 Words   |  7 Pagesand publications, Australia first came into contact with Modernism in the mid-1910s. The modernist movement in Australia was at it’s most influential for over five decades, including global wars, economic depression, technological advances and massive social change. (http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/modernism) This article, however, will be focusing on Australia’s development of Modernity, Modernisation and Modernism between the inter-war period of 1919 to 1939. With an everRead MoreComparing Mies Van Der Rohe Vs. Robert Venturi1316 Words   |  6 Pageshas become a legend and a contradiction. One of them (Mies Van Der Rohe), the creator of a quote that describes his unique way of seeing structures, Less is more. The other is totally the opposite; Robert Venturi is an architect that has taken architecture in his own way, and also created his own quote, â€Å"Less is Bore, to contradict the one mentioned before. Both of these experienced architects have a sense of art that make them unique. They have created spectacular structures that will live through