Avoiding Cross-Cultural Miscommunication Essay

In the current era of globalization, national boundaries are losing meaning and more and more companies now have their operations spread across various countries of the globe. Multi national companies now operate across different continents and it is typical of a company to have head quarters in one country but be present in multiple counties at the same time. This means that these multi national companies have to adapt to the culture of the company they are operating in. Also, the work force of such companies is an amalgamation of the local people along with some foreign workers and managers so effective communication and smooth operations are only possible if culture is well understood. However, this is not as simple as it seems and cross cultural miscommunications are harmful. Cross cultural miscommunication is not only detrimental to the working environment of the organization but it can also lead to a failure of the company as a whole in the society. To avoid any miscommunication, we first need to examine what culture is made up of. Artifacts, rituals, Stories, histories, myths, legends, jokes, and ceremonies are cultural symbols. By noticing these things and people’s reactions to them we can figure out the cultural norms and values and can avoid transgressing any boundaries. Ethnocentrism is the belief that one’s own race, culture or ethnic group is superior to the rest and the tendency to think like this is greater in MNCs. Many foreign managers or workers think in this manner and antagonize their co workers. This can be over come by encouraging inter cultural communication so that any misunderstandings or predetermined notions or stereo types may be removed. Also, if a cooperative culture is promoted at work and people taught to appreciate/criticize ideas rather than people, this problem may be solved. We also need to examine the interrelationship between attitudes, values, customs and beliefs and culture. A culture shapes the attitudes, values and beliefs of a person and the actions and preferences of the society (that are directly dependant upon the belief) make up the culture. Hence, this shows that there is a two relationship. For instance, the Japanese have a very serious attitude about work and they believe in hard work so working meticulously is a part of their culture. Similarly, the Muslim culture is conservative so they have a negative attitude towards men and women shaking hands and the believe it to be immoral. Global companies need to adopt a ‘glocal strategy’ meaning that they need to amend their global strategy according to the local culture and norms. Before a company enters a new country, formal market research should be conducted in order to make a customer profile according to which the product and promotion strategies will then be designed. International companies should be flexible to minor changes in the product so as to meet the local demands. Pizza hut has been successful all over the world for they have catered to the local taste in every country. For instance, it is spicier in the subcontinent and in countries such as India where people avoid meat; there is large vegetarian and cheese variety. The promotion strategies should also be according to the native culture. Companies should keep in mind that International brand cannot have the same advertising everywhere due to different cultures. When companies are entering a foreign culture, they should be aware of customs, traditions in general and in particular they should know about the psychology of the people. Companies should be aware of the attitude of the people towards work and the products/service the company has to offer. Understanding the local workforce is important for a company because an effective workforce is integral for success and it is crucial to design jobs, compensation packages and motivators that appeal to them. Attitudes toward work, leisure, time, change, family, social mobility and religion play a vital role in shaping the culture. In a collectivist culture, family is the top priority and the much of the leisure time is spent with family. In a society where family ties are weak, work and friends have a greater importance so the culture is an individualist one. In some cultures, there is greater emphasis on work and such people are hard workers by nature and their work is meticulous. The Chinese culture is a classical example of how hard work is an element of the national culture. The physical environment of a place influences the culture of that place as physical conditions such as the weather affect the life style of the people. The architecture of a place also reflects the culture. Moreover, it is important to understand the verbal and non verbal elements of a culture. For instance, the Arabs like to kiss on the cheeks when they meet even during formal meetings but in a British culture, this would be highly inappropriate. Similarly, maintaining eye contact is a non verbal cue, in some cultures it would be a symbol of courage while in others it will be considered insolent. Moreover education and technology are linked to the culture and this is evident by the fact that some cultures such as the Japanese lay stress on innovating and developing technology where as some have a laid back attitude. Some cultures lay stress on education and that is evident by the high literacy levels there. Lastly, media has a two way relationship with culture: mass media not only depicts the culture but it also leads to cultural change in the society. The success of any company also depends on the political and legal system of that country. In countries where there is political turbulence or the policies do not support foreign investment, survival becomes tough for the company as is the case in third world countries like Bangladesh where there is a frequent change in governments that leads to changes in policies too. References Brown, A. (1995). Organizational Culture. Pitman, London. Charles M. and Yongsun, P. (2006). Managing a Global Workforce: Challenges and Opportunities in International Human Resource Management. M. E . Sharpe Dong, Q. , Day, K. D. (2001). Overcoming Ethnocentrism through Developing Intercultural communication sensitivity and Multi culturism. Retrieved on January 16,2009 from http://www. allacademic. com David Straker. Elements of Culture. Retrieved on January 15, 2009 From www. changingminds. org Kwintessential Cross Cultural Solutions. Cross Cultural Communications. Retrieved on January 15, 2009 from http://www. kwintessential. co. uk

Disruptive Behaviors

Research/Literature Review Disruptive and Violent Behaviors in the Classroom: Where do we begin to solve the problem? According to Random House Dictionary (1992), discipline is defined as â€Å"behavior in accord with rules of conduct. † It is an essential part of classroom management. Discipline in the classroom enables a teacher to focus on the task at hand, which is education our children. It also keeps a classroom or school in order and created a safer environment in which to learn. Disruptive behaviors in the classroom affect not only the student involved but also the teacher and other students. For example, if a student exhibits disruptive behavior as a means of gaining attention by throwing paper or talking during class, he or she takes the teacher off task to address his or her behavior. This also causes the other students to become off task. The disruptive student becomes satisfied because the attention rewards his/her negative behavior. These kinds of minor incidents, if rewarded, could lead to other forms of disruptions, which, if not controlled, could become aggressive and or violent situations. Take for instance the six-year old boy who shot and killed another six-year old classmate after a playground dispute in Mount Morris Township, MI on February 9, 2000 (Bonilla, 2000). If elementary school educators think the problem of crime, violence and aggression in youth will not affect them, then they must reconsider. This example has proven that the perpetrator is likely to be of any age, even as young as six-years old. As a teacher, one of my concerns is classroom management. In particular, I want to be well informed on the disruptive behavior of children, recognizing its causes and implementing a form of discipline that will not only stop the disruption and keep the students on task but also prevent it from occurring regularly. I believe being knowledgeable of the causes will enable us as educators to develop strategies to control and prevent these behaviors from occurring in the future, thus, keeping our students on task, as well as, making our schools a safer place to learn. This paper is organized in a three-fold manner, including research on the following focus areas: (1) overview of aggressive and disruptive behaviors and violence in schools; (2) possible causes and consequences for aggressive and disruptive behaviors; (3) strategies for assessment, intervention and prevention. Definitions/Overview of Concepts How do we begin to derive a solution to the problem of violence in our schools? It only seems appropriate to first define aggression and violence. Jan Jewett (1992), the author of Aggression and Cooperation: Helping Young Children Develop Constructive Strategies, defines aggression as â€Å"any intentional behavior that results in physical or mental injury to any person or animal, or in damage to or destruction of property. According to researcher Lorraine Wallach (1996), violence and aggression are often confused and are used interchangeably to mean the same thing. In fact, she states that aggression is inborn while violence is learned. Aggression provides the force that can cause violent behavior to erupt if it is not handled properly. Wallach’s definition of violence is very similar to Jewett’s definition of aggression. Wallach (1996) states, â€Å"violence means using force to hurt, violate or abuse persons or destroy property. † In their study, Kamps, Kravits, Stolze and Swaggart (1999) define aggression as, â€Å"purposeful physical contact intended to harm a peer or that could be harmful with force†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Basically this definition is synonymous with that of Jewett and Wallach. For the purpose of this paper, aggression is defined by using a variation of the above mentioned definitions as the force that causes disruptive and sometimes violent behaviors to flare. Violent behaviors are defined as intentional behaviors meant to hurt, violate or cause damage to any person or property as a result of aggression. Violence in Schools Rossman and Morley (1996) found that violence and crime in schools have been around for decades but the nature of the behaviors has changed. They found that forty years ago teachers were reporting the most common classroom problems to be tardiness, talkative students and gum chewing. The present-day grievances have changed dramatically. They include the presence of drugs, gangs, weapons, as well as concerns about verbal assaults, bullying, physical attack, robbery and rape (Rossman & Morley, 1996). In their synthesis of research, Rossman & Morley (1996) presented a 1993 Nationwide school-based survey by the Centers for Disease Control which reported the following results: 1. 4. 4% of 9th &12th graders missed at least one day of school because they felt unsafe on school grounds 2. 11. 8% reported carrying a weapon to school 3. 7. 3% of these students reported having been threatened or injured with a weapon on school property 4. 6. 2% reported having been involved in at least one physical fight at school 5. 32. 7% reported having property deliberately damaged or stolen while at school Much of the research presented in Rossman & Morley’s article was conducted on adolescents and teenagers. Elementary educators should be aware of this research because they encounter these children before they become â€Å"problem children†. Elementary teachers have a great impact on the behavior of their students, especially as they become adolescents. For this reason, it is important for teachers to monitor the current research in order to prevent possible violent outbreaks among these children. A survey on the opinions of teachers, reported by the National Center for Education Statistics, revealed that teacher’s opinions on the safety of public schools are not good. This survey, conducted from 1987-88 to 1993-94, noted that elementary school teachers are reporting â€Å"physical conflicts as a moderate to serious problems† (Rossi & Daugherty, 1996). Possible Causes and Consequences of Disruptive/Aggressive Behaviors According to child and adolescent psychiatrist Dr. Baer Max Ackerman (1998), there is no single pre-determining factor that causes aggressive behavior in children. Nature and Nurture interact to make up a child’s personality. This section of this paper will focus on both, internal and external factors that may cause aggressive and violent behaviors in children. Internal Factors Rossman and Morley (1996) give several internal and external causes for crime and violence in children. The biological factors or stressors include fetal alcohol syndrome, or crack babies. The factors impair the individuals’ abilities to exercise cognitive controls or engage in stable social relationships. This idea is also supported by Lorraine Wallach (1996), she states, â€Å"†¦brain research links early deprivation and abuse with physiological changes†¦which can be neurological or chemical may make the afflicted individuals susceptible to violent and addictive behavior†. Other research (Massey, 1998) indicates the consequences of violence in the early years include shaken baby syndrome which can cause, â€Å"†¦brain damage, blindness, cerebral palsy, hearing loss, spinal cord injury, seizures, learning disabilities and even death† (Massey, 1998). External Factors A study conducted by Stormshak and Bierman (2000) was designed to determine whether five distinct parenting practices could be related to various profiles of disruptive behavior problems in their children. The study included 631 kindergartners and their parents; they were from four areas of the United States, Durham, NC; Nashville, TN; Seattle, WA; and Central PA. The researchers (Stormshak and Bierman, 2000) collected their data through parenting interviews on reports of child behavior problems. A factor analysis was then conducted. The results of this study indicated that there is an association between parental physical aggression and aggressive child behavior. This finding suggests that spanking, physical aggression and violent forms of parenting are related to â€Å"active, aggressive, externalizing behaviors† (Stormshak & Bierman, 2000). A limitation in research, according to the researchers, was their reliance solely on parent reports for the child’s behavior problems, as well as of parenting practices. The responses of the parents may have reflected what they believed to be acceptable parenting styles. Other researchers Nelson, Martella & Galand, (1998) have found that parents that are unskilled in their use of punishment for their children’s disruptive behavior, and this only make things worse. Research (Aidman, 2000) done over the past forty years concludes that violence on television programs has negative effects on young viewers. Children learn to use the aggressive behavior they witness to benefit themselves. The learning of aggressive behavior has been forecasted to increase when the violence witnessed is justified, graphic, extensive or realistic, when the perpetrator is attractive, conventional weapons are present and when the violence is rewarded or presented in a humorous fashion. Aidman (2000) also suggests in her article that when children are repeatedly exposed to aggressive acts and violence, they become desensitized to its harmful and realistic consequences. The long-term effects of desensitization of violence have been of special concern for parents and educators of young children. Consequences of violence on children who witness violence include low self-esteem, withdrawal, nightmares, self-blame and aggression/violence towards peers and family members (Massey, 1998). Bullock, Fitzsimons, and Gable (1996) note, Factors that contribute to an increased likelihood of aggressive behavior include not only the child’s temperament and parent’s child-rearing and discipline practices, but also exposure to medial and real life violence- such as, spousal abuse/victimization, severe parental depression, chronic economic hardship, unemployment and family criminality. The external factors associated with crime and violence in children offered by Rossman and Morley (1996) are as follow: 1. Unsatisfactory family environment/relationships: poor parenting skills and child rearing conditions, insufficient nurturing and pro-social bonding, lack of parental supervision, ineffective or harsh discipline or repeated abuse 2. Limited opportunity routes attributed to social inequalities: these minimize youths’ exposure to pro-social role models and diminish youths’ ability to envision productive, secure futures 3. School factors that are conducive to disorder, crime and violence: –Overcrowding -High student/teacher ratio –Insufficient curricular/course relevance –Low student academic achievement and apathy Another study suggest the aggression in children emerges from being rejected by peers (Mounts, 1997). It is important for young children to have good peer relationships. Friendships and good peer relationships provide the following, according to Dr. Mounts: (1) companionship and support in stressful times such as divorce; (2) a source of fun and recreational activities; (3) loyal allies during tough interactions; (4) confidants and holders of secrets. This may allow a child to release tension and aggressive energy by talking to someone his or her own age. Peer relationships provide critical opportunities and outlets for children to learn to manage conflicts in their lives. According to research by Dr. Mounts (1997), children of single-parent homes, or homes where both parents work spend greater amounts of time in the company of peers. The following characteristics of peer-rejected children were cited in her research: (1) display high levels of verbally and physically aggressive behavior towards peers; (2) are disruptive; (3) frequently are off task in the classroom. These characteristics represent children who cause disruption and are a source of discipline problems in the classroom. Dr. Mounts (1997) found that 1/3 of all peer-rejected children were seen as highly aggressive. Forty-eight percent of rejected 6th graders were interested in receiving help in improving their peer relationships. Other research presented by Kamps, Kravits, Stolze and Swaggart (1999) supports this relationship; they report that early trends of antisocial behavior are later predicted to result in aggressive behavior. A study by Edmondson and Bullock (1998) was conducted using the method of focus group. It involved five elementary-school-aged boys, 3 Hispanic, 1 Asian American and 1 African-American students from grades 4 and 5 of an inner-city elementary alternative center. The study focus was on determining these students’ thoughts, feelings and perceptions on the topic of aggression and violence in schools. The researchers believed that students from this kind of setting could, â€Å"†¦provide educators with valuable information regarding youth who display aggressive and violent behavior† (p. 35). Results of this study (Edmondson & Bullock, 1998) suggest that the behavior and thought patterns of young people are affected by their social skills. These subjects appeared hopeful about resolving aggressive and violent behaviors in schools (Edmondson and Bullock, 1998). This article identifies possible causes of aggression in youth to be linked to societal influences. Violence and aggression can also have adverse effects on learning, according to Massey (1998). She states, â€Å"academic achievement enhances the development of positive self-esteem and self-efficacy†¦which are necessary for children to experience emotional well-being and to achieve success† (p. 3). Strategies for Assessment, Intervention & Prevention There is a wealth of information regarding intervention and prevention of aggression and violence in students. While conducting the research for this topic, I came across several articles and studies. Unfortunately, only a fraction of what is available to educators, parents and the interested public will be presented in this paper. Assessment Strategies Three elementary-aged boys in regular education classrooms, identified with extremely disruptive in-school behavior were included in a study by Ellis and Magee (1999) to assess activities of the Behavioral Assessment and Technology Support Systems (BATSS). The BATSS conducts functional analysis of very disruptive behavior in children labeled severely emotionally and behaviorally disordered. The subjects included a 10 year-old with ADHD, another 10 year-old with Pervasive Developmental Disorder and a 6 year-old with mild autism from two suburban school districts. The researchers (Ellis and Magee, 1999) gathered data from observation conducted by the observation team for 10 days during regular classrooms, special area classes, recess and lunch. According to Ellis and Magee (1999), †¦The goal of functional analysis is not to find the one true approach but to find the most appropriate strategy that will provide the most information and that will ultimately result in an effective intervention that can be implemented by the relevant personnel in a particular setting. (p. 6). Functional analysis assessment was used in the beginning on maladaptive behaviors, such as STB (self-injurious behavior), occurring with persons living in housing for those with developmental disabilities (Ellis and Magee, 1999). When this method of assessment was moved into natural settings, research was primarily conducted on persons with mental retardation. Functional analysis were rarely conducted in school settings. â€Å"Replicating the functional analysis in regular education class after analyzing the behavior†¦helps explain how the circumstances of a classroom routines modulate the effects of a procedure†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p. 93). In this replication of a BATSS study, †¦results suggest that validating each functional analysis outcome in the student’s classroom, with the teacher conducting the analysis, provides direct opportunity for the classroom teacher to observe the effects of directly applied behavioral contingencies on the students targeted behavior. (p. 1 8) This study provides evidence that when the results of a functional analysis produces changes in disruptive or inappropriate behavior, functional analysis can become institutionalized (Ellis and Magee, 1999). Another study by Scott, DeSimone, Fowler and Webb (2000) consisted of three male elementary-aged students whose behavior interfered with the quantity and quality of their classroom instruction. The researchers evaluated functional behavior assessment to develop interventions for disruptive behaviors. They state that in the past, teachers relied upon disapproval, punishment and exclusion as a means of eliminating disruptive classroom behavior. According to research (Scott et al. , 2000), these types of interventions are ineffective. Functional behavior assessment can be applied as a validated procedure for intervention with disruptive students. This involves â€Å"†¦identifying the purpose or function of student behavior followed by teaching and reinforcing more desirable replacement behaviors that are selected to serve the same function for the student. † Information obtained from the assessment can be used to define appropriate replacement behaviors, as well as, develop intervention strategies. Findings from this study show the importance of having a pre-planned intervention (Scott et al. , 2000). Prevention/Intervention Strategies Kamps, Kravits, Stolze and Swaggart (1999) cited several studies in which the researchers found that without intervention, antisocial behaviors beginning at an early age are predicted to develop into learning difficulties. Kamps et al. (1999) conducted a study on a total of 52 (28-target group and 24-control group) elementary and middle school students at risk for EBD (emotional and behavioral disorders) from urban schools. The researchers’ goal in this study was to investigate a â€Å"universal intervention† prevention program. The intervention consisted of behavioral management programs, social skills instruction and peer tutoring in reading. The researchers (Kamps et al. , 1999) found that student performance across several key behaviors in the target group improved the prevention program. This group also showed a decrease in aggression. They state, â€Å"†¦early interventions, such as programs for elementary-age students, may prevent further deterioration of behaviors and stop a negative trajectory toward academic and social failure. Overall, this study contributed to support the use of preventative programs for at-risk students and students with EBD in elementary schools (Kamp et al. , 1999). The results from this study may be applied to all students. Lorraine Wallach (1996) offers alternative suggestions to preventing aggression and violence among children. Her ideas are formed around the schools and centers that educate and care for young children. These include: 1. Schools should provide teache rs who exhibit warmth and kindness and are willing to make an investment in the children they educate 2. Teachers must show respect to children and their efforts to be independent 3. Schools should provide for young children an environment that is easily managed and orderly 4. Programs that are interesting, challenging and fun should be provided by the schools; these types of programs â€Å"provide an outlet for the aggressive energy†¦Ã¢â‚¬  as well as build self-confidence and self-esteem 5. Schools should offer many opportunities for self-expression; this gives children a chance to reveal their feelings,

Unit 3 Proposal designs Discussion Research Paper

Unit 3 Proposal designs Discussion - Research Paper Example This is important for the grant seeker, because he or she will be able to quote a reasonable amount of money, in which the organization can afford to give (Karsh and Fox, 2009). The grant seeker can quote a large amount of money that the organization might be unable to provide. For example, an institution such as the Melinda and Bill Gates foundation gives from a few hundred to millions of dollars in terms of grants. On this basis, a grant seeker might not be limited on the amount of money that he or she will ask (Gregory, 2013). Another issue that the grant seeker needs to analyze is the mission and vision of the organization. In seeking sources of funds, the grant seeker has to look if the funding organization under consideration provides funds for the activities or services that it engages in. For example, a grant seeker whose mission is to serve people in the agricultural field cannot seek for funds in an institution that provides funds for religious activities such as the Mustard Seed Foundation. It is a guarantee that the Mustard Seed Foundation won’t approve of their requests (Moore, 2010). However, if he or she applies for funds from institutions such as the Melinda and the Bill Gates foundation, chances are high that he or she may get the funds. Another issue to look at is the application process, and the period upon which the applications are made. For example, the Monsanto fund requires that all funds must supported by a realistic goal, and it must have the descriptions of the project. This is in case the grant seeker needs to achieve success in his or her application. The Monsanto Fund is so serious about the quality of an applicant’s proposal, to an extent that it has given some tips on how to write a good application/proposal (Zunz, 2012). Roberts identifies the mission and vision of an organization as an issue that he will consider when choosing a source of fund. This is an issue that I will also consider, and this is because an

The existence of homophobia or racism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The existence of homophobia or racism - Essay Example However, this is a primitive thinking that should be condemned in one accord since human beings are equal regardless of their skin color, ethnicity or any other baseless ground that is used by unethical individuals to discriminate others. Skin color should not be used as a ground of determining how much respect a person should get. Racism is believed to be prompted by numerous reasons. However, the four main causes include stereotyping, environmental factors, unfamiliarity, and selfishness (Fredrickson, 2011). Labeling of other races and communities as inferior through the radio, television, in the internet and through books among other platforms leads to discrimination and unfair treatment of the targeted communities. Stereotype is very effective especially if introduced to young people (children) where a child might be exposed to false allegations of a particular group made by his or community thus growing believing that all people from the alleged community are that way. Unfamiliarity is also a common source of racism in the modern world (Fredrickson, 2011). People have a tendency of fearing what is unfamiliar to them or what they do not apprehend. Sources show that there is a very high likelihood for a person to discriminate against another community that he or she has never lived in or does not understand fully. This situation is mostly fueled by other factors like negative stereotypes or labeling that an individual might have received in the past against the targeted community or group (Fredrickson, 2011). Therefore, integration of cultures is highly advisable particularly in the early stages of child development like in schools. Parents, guardians and the society in general have a role to play in attempt to eradicate this problem by counterbalancing false stereotypes that children may encounter while growing up. Another major and obvious source of racism is selfishness since at times human beings are extremely selfish

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EXEGETICAL PAPER FOR THE APOLSTLE PAUL Coursework

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Fundamentals of Strategic Planning in Complex Organizations - Essay Example To realize the desired outcome that accounts for the interests of all stakeholders in the health sector, strategic trends in the health care environment are highly characterized by operational changes. One of the strategic trends observed in the health care environment is the persistent bid to make healthcare services more affordable, and subsequently enhance universal coverage. This trend is consistent with the social, economic, and political goal of improving the social welfare of the disadvantaged population. Another strategic trend relates to increased number of public and private health care operators. The motive is to implement strategic plans that make it possible for health care organizations to take their services closer to the people. Over and above this, government regulation of health care organizations, health care financiers, and all other relevant parties involved constitute a critical strategic trend in health care markets (Harrison, 2010). This move is valid in the s ense that the end-user or the consumer remains protected from exploitation as the health care sector grows and expands. While health care organizations have been quick to identify emerging opportunities in the health sector, most of them do not utilize their full potential. ... Final Project Proposal: Strategic Plan for a Residential and Day Treatment Facility for Individuals with Mental Illness and/or Mental Retardation Background The growth and development of healthcare facilities has been enormous over the years, and societies across the globe has benefited from this trend. Health complications also keep changing, making it necessary for health care operators to keep at par with changes in the health care environment. Providers of healthcare services have responded swiftly to health care market trends for both existing and emerging health issues. In general, stakeholders in the health sector are collaborating in formulating and implementing strategies that are designed to improve the health welfare of the society. Amid the vibrant activities, plans, and strategies that have rocked the health sector, it has become necessary to address specific health issues in a certain way as opposed to another. In other words, it is essential to narrow down major health issues and/or complications, and ultimately address them as a singled out aspect of the larger health care environment (Levin, Petrila & Hennessy, 2004). Doing so provides a better ground for dealing with specific health issues intensively, as opposed to addressing diverse and dynamic health complications all at the same time. In this respect, the ultimate focus in this project is directed towards a residential and day treatment facility for individuals with mental illness and/or mental retardation. Although majority health care facilities have mental illness and/or mental retardation departments, not all facilities cater for all-round needs of the patients. On the same note, there are health care facilities that are primarily set up for persons with mental illnesses and/or mental

Terrorism and criminology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Terrorism and criminology - Essay Example Criminological theories offer explanations for certain terrorist acts. Social disorganization theory explains the communal terrorist acts. In a society where the collective efficacy of social institutions have failed, a general unrest may emerge, which would eventually lead to terrorist acts. Such an atmosphere facilitates organized crimes that are a reflection of the lack of respect for the failing systems and also of the notion that the punishment for such crimes will be less severe where the legal justice has fallen apart with the failed institutions. Racial and ethnic heterogeneity in socially disorganized communities are apt to come to direct conflicts. In such communities the poverty rate will also be high, which will; also lead to crimes that would gain the proportions of terrorism. Gang wars and organized crimes are most often transformed to terrorism in general. While the disruptions may emerge as an internal affair in the beginning, it is possible that the frustration and w rath may later be directed against other communities or nations. The disenchanted populace of a socially disorganized community is often the targets of international terrorist recruiters. The theory of rational choice and deterrence is another criminological theory that effectively defines certain terrorist acts. It can explain individual and communal terrorism in a social structure. The theory explains criminal acts as personal or rational choice. The existence of a swift, severe and certain system of punishment in a state is apt top deter an individual or a society from committing a crime. If we analyze the amount of terrorism that emerges from states where the punishment system is weak, the theory can be proved beyond doubt. A state that fails to execute proper punishments will also fail to keep terrorist activities in check. The general assumption can be summarized that people will

Mental Disorders-Causes, Nature, and Treatment Essay Example for Free

Mental Disorders-Causes, Nature, and Treatment Essay James is 35 years old and is a successful salesman. He has never married and has no children. His career focus often makes him appear to be a â€Å"workaholic.† Lately, he has begun to feel extremely dissatisfied, lonely, and bored. He thinks often of quitting, selling everything he owns, and taking off. Is James crazy? Is he depressed? Kay is a young and very attractive high-school teacher who is involved romantically with one of her students. She knows this is illegal, immoral, and unethical, but she continues this dangerous behavior. Is Kay mentally ill? Peter washes his hands at least 25 times a day. Whenever he feels anxious, he runs to the bathroom or kitchen and washes his hands to lower his anxiety level. Is Peters behavior abnormal? Abnormal behavior, often perceived as a sign of mental illness, is not uncommon in our society. This lesson introduces you to mental disorders, the causes of mental illness, and the treatment of mental illness. This lesson presents the following topics: †¢ What Is Abnormality? †¢ Models of Abnormality †¢ Anxiety Disorders †¢ Somatoform Disorders †¢ Dissociative Disorders †¢ Mood Disorders What Is Abnormality? What is abnormal, and just how bad can it get? If you study the portrayal of abnormality in American movies, you would probably think that a person who was identified as being psychologically abnormal could be pretty difficult to be around. In fact, for hundreds of years, people with psychological abnormalities were thought to be possessed by demons. Remember the movie, The Exorcist? Exorcism [The formal casting out of a demon through a religious ritual] became popular in the Middle Ages as a way to cast out demons. Another method used in prehistoric times to â€Å"cure† the insane was trepanning [The process of cutting holes into the skull of a living person]. In this procedure, holes were cut in the skull to provide a way for the demons to be released. During the Renaissance period, belief in demons carried through to a belief in witchcraft. Mentally ill people were called witches and were often put to death. These executions were often carried out by burning at the stake. Thankfully, psychopathology—the study of abnormal behavior—has come a long way over the centuries, and attitudes toward and treatment of mental illness have also changed. Definitions of Abnormal Behavior It is difficult to define abnormal behavior. One way is to use the statistical definitions that frequently occurring behavior is normal and behavior that is rare is abnormal. But these definitions dont work for every situation. Another way to define abnormality is behavior that goes against the norms or standards of society. But going against social norms is not always regarded as an abnormality, especially in the case of championing social or political causes. In addition, behavior that may be unacceptable in one culture may be completely acceptable in another. The social or environmental setting of a persons behavior is a potent factor in the determination of â€Å"abnormality.† Joan hates to go to large parties where she doesnt know anyone. Unfortunately, her husbands business often holds large gatherings, and spouses are expected to attend. Joan delays getting ready until the last minute and then spends the evening feeling uncomfortable because she doesnt look as â€Å"well-put together† as some of the other women. She hesitates to mingle because of her subjective discomfort [Emotional distress or emotional pain] that keeps her from meeting new people and having a good time. Ed is a 34-year-old college student. He has been in college since he was 18, taking one course after another and pursuing one degree after another. He is what some people call a â€Å"professional student.† Ed works the typical part-time student jobs and earns enough to pay for his classes and his student apartment. He once laughingly said that he couldnt stand the thought of a â€Å"real job,† but there is nothing funny about his situation. Ed is extremely anxious about the prospect of meeting the demands of daily life in the real world, and his maladaptive behaviour [Anything that does not allow a person to function within or adapt to the stresses and everyday demands of life] keeps him from achieving his potential. Both Joan and Eds behavior can be classified as â€Å"abnormal.† So, how do psychologists define abnormal behavior? It is the pattern of behavior that causes people significant distress, causes them to harm themselves or others, or harms their ability to function in daily life. Following is a list of criteria for determining abnormal behavior (at least two criteria must be met): †¢ Is the behavior unusual?†¢ Does the behavior go against social norms? †¢ Does the behavior cause the person significant subjective discomfort? †¢ Is the behavior maladaptive? †¢ Does the behavior cause the person to be a danger to themselves or others? Models of Abnormality The theories you have studied about personality can be used to help explain normal and abnormal behavior. Explaining disordered behavior depends on the model used to explain personality. The biological model [Model of explaining behavior as caused by biological changes in the chemical, structural, or genetic systems of the body] proposes that psychological disorders have a biological or medical cause. You might also hear this model called the medical, organic, or disease model. Such models point to brain trauma, infectious disease, or genetic reasons as the cause of psychological disorders. Several psychological models attempt to explain disordered behavior as forms of various emotional, behavioral, or thought-related malfunctioning. The psychoanalytic model explains disordered behavior as the result of repressing, or hiding, ones thoughts, memories, or concerns. Behaviorists believe that disordered behavior is learned behavior, just as normal behavior is learned. Cognitive psychologists [Psychologists who study the way people think, remember, and mentally organize information] believe abnormal behavior to be a result of illogical thinking patterns. Mental Disorders: Causes, Nature, and Treatments We have looked at some characteristics of abnormal behavior. Now lets see how psychologists decide what type of disorder a person has. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) was first published in 1952 to help psychology professionals diagnose disorders. It has been revised several times over the years. The DSM describes about 250 different psychological disorders based on symptoms, the path the disorder takes, and the criteria checklist. The manual divides the disorders into five categories, or axes. †¢ Type of Information: Clinical Disorders and Other Conditions That May Be a Focus of Clinical Attention. †¢ Description in Brief: Psychological disorders that impair functioning and are stressful and factors that are not disorders but that may affect functioning, such as academic or social problems. †¢ Type of Information: Personality Disorders Mental Retardation †¢ Description in Brief: Rigid, enduring, maladaptive personality patterns. †¢ Type of Information: General Medical Conditions †¢ Description in Brief: Chronic and acute illnesses and medical conditions that may have an impact on mental health. [pic][pic] †¢ Type of Information: Psychosocial and Environment Problems †¢ Description in Brief: Problems in the physical surroundings of the person that may have an impact on diagnosis, treatment, and outcome. †¢ Type of Information: Global Assessment of Functioning †¢ Description in Brief: Overall judgment of current functioning, including mental, social, and occupational.   Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Disorders usually first diagnosed in infancy, childhood, or adolescence. For example, learning disabilities, ADHD, bedwetting, and speech disorder †¢ Delirium, dementia, amnesia, and other cognitive disorders. For example, Alzheimers, Parkinsons, and amnesia caused by physical causes †¢ Psychological disorders caused by a general medical condition. For example, personality change because of a brain tumor †¢ Substance-related disorders. For example, alcoholism and drug addiction †¢ Schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. For example, schizophrenia, delusional disorders, hallucinations, and paranoid psychosis †¢ Mood disorders. For example, depression, mania, and bipolar disorders †¢ Anxiety disorders. For example, panic disorder, phobias, and stress disorders †¢ Somatoform disorders. For example, hypochondria and conversion disorder †¢ Factitious disorders. For example, pathological lying and Munchausen syndrome †¢ Dissociative disorders. For example, multiple personality and amnesia not caused by physical causes †¢ Sexual and gender identity disorders. For example, sexual desire disorders and paraphilias †¢ Eating disorders. For example, anorexia and bulimia †¢ Sleep disorders. For example, insomnia, sleep terror disorder, sleepwalking, and narcolepsy †¢ Impulse-control disorders not elsewhere classified. For example, kleptomania, pathological gambling, and pyromania †¢ Adjustment disorders. For example, mixed anxiety and conduct disturbances You may think you dont know anyone with a psychological disorder, but they are more common than you think. According to the National Institute on Mental Health, about 22 percent of adults over 18 suffer from a mental disorder, that is, about 44 million people in the United States. Many people who study psychology begin to believe they suffer from some type of disorder. Why? Because many psychological disorders are really ordinary variations on human behavior taken to the extreme. Now, lets take a look at some of the various categories and types of disorders. Anxiety Disorders In 2004, Raoul was vacationing with his parents in Sri Lanka when the resort they were staying in was hit by a devastating tsunami. Thousands of people died, and Raouls family barely escaped. To this day, Raoul feels extremely anxious whenever he is near the ocean or hears the sounds of waves breaking on the beach. His heart begins to pound, his hands tremble, and he wants to run away. Raouls anxiety is one of the anxiety disorders [Disorders in which the main symptom is excessive or unrealistic anxiety and fearfulness] that can be traced to a specific event. Anne feels anxious nearly all the time. She wakes up in the morning with a vague sense of dread that intensifies as the day goes on. This free-floating anxiety [Anxiety that is unrelated to any realistic, known source] is keeping her from doing her best at work and is also getting in the way of her close relationships with others. A phobia [An irrational, persistent fear of an object, situation, or social activity] is also a type of anxiety disorder. Phobias are classified as either of the following: †¢ Social phobias [Fear of interacting with others or being in social situations that might lead to a negative evaluation] †¢ Specific phobias [Fear of objects or specific situations or events] Melanie is afraid to go into large arenas. Because of her agoraphobia [Fear of being in a place or situation from which escape is difficult or impossible] she did not attend her sons high school basketball championship game. Agoraphobia keeps her from living life to the fullest. Some other common phobias and their scientific names are given below: †¢ Fear of washing and bathing: Ablutophobia †¢ Fear of spiders: Arachnophobia †¢ Fear of lightning: Ceraunophobia †¢ Fear of dirt and germs: Mysophobia †¢ Fear of snakes: Ophidiophobia †¢ Fear of darkness: Nyctophobia †¢ Fear of fire: Pyrophobia †¢ Fear of foreigners and strangers: Xenophobia †¢ Fear of animals: Zoophobia

Defining and Evaluating the Concept of Strategic Intent

Defining and Evaluating the Concept of Strategic Intent Strategic Intent is one of the revolutionary concepts in the field of Strategic Management, which has brought major changes in the functioning style of every organization and is responsible for many breakthroughs. It refers to the obsession that organizations usually term as win it all even though the aspirations out-proportion the resources and capabilities. This concept has in past made many organizations way more successful than the one in past with same amount of resources and capacity. Now as competition gets global and tougher it is of utmost importance that companies not only understand this revolutionary concept but also instil practices within the organization that makes the Goal look always in reach. This article tells in detail what Strategic Intent is and how it can be implemented in an organization. Keywords: Strategic Intent; Obsession; Planning, Imitation INTRODUCTION Strategic Intent refers to a high level statement of the means by which an organisation achieves its VISION. Today Managers in different organisations are working hard to match the competitive advantage of their global rivals but in order to do the same most of them end up only imitating what their competitors have already implemented. Imitation doesnt really create the Strategic Intent as competitors have already mastered those techniques and have exploited the first mover advantage. Hence mere imitation doesnt lead to competitive revitalization. Strategic Intent drives organisations, individuals and groups to meet the challenge of change in business today. Companies that have become global leaders in past 20 years had ambitions that were out of proportion to their resources and capabilities but they had created and obsession to win it all and this obsession is what may be termed as Strategic Intent. Strategic intent captures the essence of winning, is stable over time, and sets goals that deserve personal effort and commitment. At the same time Strategic Intent has a lot more in it than just an obsession to win it all because there have been companies in past which had an ambitious Strategic Intent but failed to achieve the desired goals. Success finds its beginning in purpose, so its important to clarify ones purpose or intention and then to find out the action in accordance with the intentions. This helps creating the results one wants. Strategic Intent draws on a number of disciplines to personalise the way forward that works for the organisation. Background Strategic Intent as a concept was born in Post-World war II Japan when it dramatically emerged as world leader in economy. Japanese Organizations had set goals for themselves that might have been considered by most of the Western Organizations of that time as highly unrealistic. But with very few resources and highly committed workforce Japan was then able to lay the foundation for 10-15 years of leadership in terms of economy. From Japan only world learnt how to outperform everyone else even when resources are few and challenges aspirations huge. Strategic Intent is not Strategic Planning Mostly people confuse Strategic Intent with Strategic Planning which are in fact poles apart. Strategic Planning may cause competitive decline if not backed with Strategic Intent. Strategic Planning is limited by the availability of resources and capacity and looks for feasibility and viability but on the other hand Strategic Intent focuses on the end and means are left to be flexible. If one does a deep study it becomes clearly evident that Strategic Intent is a long term concept driven by Corporate Challenges as a middle term concept, which in turn is carried forward by Competitive Innovation in short term. Hence at the most basic ground level Strategic Intent is based on the Competitive Innovation to be carried out necessarily. Classification of Strategic Intent If we have to broadly divide Strategic Intent into subdivisions then we may classify it into three parts, namely, Stretch, Leverage and Fit. Stretch stresses on the basic definition of Strategic Intent as to stretch the resources and capabilities to the extent that achievement of end is ensured. Here the basic stands the same as we have discussed since the start that there is always a misfit between the resources and aspirations but equating this out-proportioned equation is what refers to the Stretch. Second is Leverage, which refers to the scenario where resources are leveraged by accelerating the pace of organization learning so as to attain impossible goals. Here key success factors are may, namely, Concentration, Accumulation, Complementing and Conservation and Recovering. And Third is Fit which refers to the case where ideally resources have been made available in such a manner so that high level of Aspirations may still be easily achieved with help of resources available. Attributes of Strategic Intent There are three major attributes of Strategic Intent, namely Sense of Direction, Sense of Discovery and Sense of Destiny. Here the first attribute, Sense of Direction, refers to the Long-Term Market or Competitive Position. For instance, we may consider the case of Canon and Xerox, which are rival organization in the photocopier field for decades now. If we talk of Canon, its long term competitive position, put in simple terms, should be Beat Xerox . Second attribute which is the Sense of Discovery refers to the competitively unique point of view about future. It says that Strategic Intent is differentiated because here in this case the employees are affiliated and they are convinced about the concept of Strategic Intent. For instance, employees of a company are taught about the concept and they are in a position to promise higher personal and professional goals to themselves. Last but not the least attribute is the Sense of Destiny refers to the emotional edge that is involved with the Strategic Intent. This takes Strategic Intent to an all-together new level by including the employees emotions with the organization aspirations. This leads to an all over harmonic progress for everyone. Theories of Strategic Intent Strategic Intent may also be defined as a compelling statement about what you are doing and where you are going. As discussed earlier its really more than a statement; it becomes a core element in the motivational DNA of the organization or individual. Strategic Intent answers the question: What exactly are we trying to accomplish? Yet Strategic Intent is not enough by itself and here is the twist in the entire story. There must be commitment and cooperation. Excellent leaders recognize there are different Styles in their organization. Think of these styles: Forceful, Cooperative, High Structure, Command and Control, High Energy body contact right out of the mosh pit. How can these significantly different styles work together? This is the question that has to be answered by most of the organizations for effective implementation of Strategic Intent. It is important to create an understanding of both, self and others. What does Strategic Intent do Strategic intent encompasses the essence of winning, is highly stable over time, and sets targets that deserve personal effort commitment. It is a vision that explains the desired leadership position of a firm and grounds the goals by which success can be assessed. Moreover, it takes an active management to focus organizational attention at every level in the firm on the essence of achieving the goal. Employees in a firm which are grounded in strategic intent have the same mission of beating the competition, being the best, being the market leader, etc. Strategic intent accomplishes this by setting objectives that require personal efforts throughout the organization and produce a team-commitment to targeted objectives. Strategic intent should be constant over time, should provide short term stability to focus on actions, while allowing longer range of flexibility to take advantage of newer opportunities without sacrificing the strategic intent itself. Managing the Corporate Challenges As discussed earlier, implementing strategic intent needs a firm to stretch capabilities and resources to meet and win corporate challenges. A firm sets its strategic intent to be a market leader soon finds it does not have the resources or capabilities or the capacity to meet its objective. Hence the organization is required to increase learning, to build new advantages, and to become more innovative in the utilization of resources so as to compete against current market leaders and become one in due course. Corporate challenges then stretch the organization to realise and analyse competition and understand their industrys evolution. Such analysis leads to competitive openings and identifies the competitive advantages that are needed for ultimate success. How to Implement Strategic Intent It is a three step process where the first step starts with setting the strategic intent which aims at setting all the three attributes discussed earlier, namely, direction, discovery and destiny, right. This refers to having clarity of what actually the organization intends to be in all respects. Second step is to set the challenges which should be appropriate and communicated to everyone in the organization effectively. For instance, Canon, in order to beat Xerox, had set a challenge as to come up with a Home Copier which is priced at $ 1000. Third and final step is the empowerment of Strategic Intent and here the key is to involve everyone. Downward and upward communication of ideas should be free-flow and everyones opinion should be given considerable importance. Here the term empowerment is used in a vary holistic manner so as to encompass both individuals and organization. Conclusion The crux of entire report is that top management must involve all levels of the organization in acquiring global competitiveness. Managers must have a belief in their capability to succeed in gaining the strategic intent by ensuring consistency in vision up and down the organization. Managers should motivate the organization, should focus attention long enough to vitalize new capabilities, and should have confidence in their own abilities to involve the entire organization in the revitalization versus an incremental change strategy. It is only when the entire organization is involved committed to success can the organization become a global leader. Quatations: Gary Hamel and C.K. Prahalad defined Strategic Intent as an ambitious and compelling dream that energises and that provides the emotional and intellectual energy for the journey to the fuuture

Importance of Monera :: essays papers

Importance of Monera a)Production of food: cheese, yogurt, vinegar, wine, sour cream, etc. b)Industry : cleaning up petroleum, remove waste products from the water, synthesize drugs and chemicals. Symbiosis : The interdependence of different species, which are sometimes called symbionts. There are three main types of symbiosis, based upon the specific relationship between the species involved: mutualism, parasitism, and commensalism. Symbiosis that results in mutual benefit to the interdependent organisms is commonly known as mutualism. An example of mutualism is the coexistence of certain species of algae and fungi that together compose lichens. Their close association enables them to live in extreme environments, nourished only by light, air, and minerals. Living separately, the alga and fungus would not survive in such conditions. In parasitism, also known as antagonistic symbiosis, one organism receives no benefits and is often injured while supplying nutrients or shelter for the other organism. Parasites include viruses and bacteria that cause many diseases; certain protozoans that can infect plants and animals; tapeworms and flukes that infest the intestinal tracks and internal organs of animals. The type of symbiosis known as commensalism is a food-sharing association between two different kinds of nonparasitic animals, called commensals, that is harmless to both and in many cases is mutually advantageous. Many commensals are free to separate. Other commensals function together so completely that they cannot separate. They do not harm each other. An example is a polyp found in deep water off the coast of Newfoundland. It attaches itself to the shell of a certain species of hermit crab and, by budding, covers the entire shell with a colony that dissolves the original shell. Because the colony grows at the same rate as the crab, it furnishes continuous protection, and the crab does not shed its shell at periodic intervals as it normally would. The polyp, in turn, benefits by moving about with the crab, thereby obtaining a greater food supply than it would if attached to a stationary object. Uses of Bacteria in the Environment : Bacteria feed on dying material and convert it back into basic substances. This process of decomposition is as significant as photosynthesis, for without it food chains would cease, and fallen trees, leaves, and other refuse would simply pile up. Bacteria also strongly influence the movement of key elements, such as sulfur, iron, phosphorus, and carbon, around the globe. The weathering of rocks, which releases elements back into life systems for use, is substantially enhanced by the breakdown processes of bacteria. Uses of Bacteria in Sewage Disposal : The main cleansing agents in sewage treatment are a variety of specialized bacteria that convert,

Attending a Speech on Brown versus Board of Education -- Linda Brown C

The Brown Sisters Revisited Five weeks ago I made my way through the atrocious March weather to Foellinger auditorium to hear the sisters whose name introduces the landmark case of 1954 which began the uphill process of integration. On that chilly March day, Linda Brown and Cheryl Brown Henderson spoke to a crowd of about five-hundred consisting of students, faculty and local citizens. The sisters addressed the assembly consecutively, Linda Brown being the first to speak. Their topics ranged from their first-hand memories of the case to their continuing efforts to fight for equal education through their efforts with the Brown Foundation. The familiarity of the Brown decision became a little easier to grasp after seeing this marquee event of the Brown v. Board of Education jubilee celebration. I first heard of the Brown decision in elementary school. For four years I attended a progressive Montessori school in my hometown of St. Paul, MN. The school had an enrollment smaller than most of my lectures here at the University. My teacher for those four years was a seventy year old woman named Joan who to this day I revere as the best educator I had besides my parents. Joan had more intelligence than most college professors and more social consciousness than a human rights activist. In February of my first grade year, roughly twelve years before the Brown sisters’ presentation at Foellinger, Joan loaded up the Civil Rights movement film strip. After lunch and recess, the lessons usually revolved around a video or a film strip. Afternoon instruction topics ranged from early Greek art to the Theory of Relativity and everything in between. Often the antiquated film strip machine would break and w... ...le girl had helped change the way America thought about race relations. I learned the emotions, the dialogue and the family ties that facilitated the early movement. These were things that even Joan, bless her heart, could not teach me. One cannot learn the inside details and feelings of those who went through such tumultuous times and rode the waves of a sea of change. Usually when I am assigned to do something outside of school I don’t get much learning out of the assignment. But this assignment proved invaluable to my understanding of the Civil Rights movement and I am in debt to the educational powers that be for requiring me to go. Would I go see this speech without the required assignment? The answer unfortunately is no. I have come to realize over my years of education that it is the events outside of school in which one learns the most.

Social Security at Gunpoint Essay -- American Government Politics Pape

Social Security at Gunpoint Nothing is born perfect. Numerous glorious concepts are born everyday, some survive some do not. Helping the citizens' through their hard times and even in their glory has been the effort for many governments in many countries in the last few milleniums. In the United States of America Social Security was conceptualized and then realized during the years of the Great Depression that divided and then reunited the country to prosper in the long run. Today Social Security is something that politicians make a lot of promises about in their campaign days, Congress has numerous debates on, and the people whose everyday living depend on the benefits they receive from Social Security have little hand on their own fates. The rise of the Social Security program in the U.S. owes mostly on some drastic demographic, political and economic changes. These altered the face and structure of the whole society, and also the living standard of many citizens. The industrial revolution caused massive urbanization. In 1890 it was 28% in 1930 it doubled to be 56% in a short period of time (Pre-Social Security Period, par. 30). Both of these together catalyzed the fall of the extended family system. The security that people enjoyed in such a family was also banished with it. Another noticeable fact in this period was the sudden increase in life expectancy. Because of all these reasons the chronically enhanced of that generation went through a sudden shock. There was no family to shelter and support them. Even though they survived, there were not enough jobs that they could have to support themselves, nor did they have any savings, which they could use during their retirement years. This worsening situation of the eld... ...ember 1999. Pars 560. 14 Sept. 1999. <http://www.ssab.gov> "How You Earn Credits." Social Security Administration. SSA Publication No. 05-10072. Jan 1999. Pars 26. 16 Sept. 1999. <http://www.ssa.gov/pubs/10072.html> John Trollinger and Rich Hensley. "Save Social Security First Commitment Reflected In President Clinton's Financial Year 99 Budget Proposal For Social Security Administration." Social Security Administration. February 2, 1998. Pars 8. 16 Sept. 1999. <http://www.ssa.gov/press/budget_press.html> "Key Dates." Social Security Administration. 13 Sept. 1999. <http://www.ssa.gov/history/keydates.html> "Pre-Social Security Period." Social Security Administration. Pars 79. 16 Sept. 1999.<http://www.ssa.gov/history/early.html> "Presidential Quotes." Social Sceurity Online. 14 Sept 1999. <http://www.ssa.gov/history/wjcstate.html>

Negative Influence of Social Media Essay

Today, Mass Media is notoriously known to project a negative influence on teens and society. It manipulates several aspects of our lives including, but not limited to, the choices we make about our overall physical appearance, how we perceive beauty, healthy decisions we make regarding drug and alcohol use, engaging in premarital sex, and our peer and social interactions. We emulate what the media portrays as acceptable and desirable, though it goes against the norms and values put forth from society. As we mature, our goals and values seem to change as we break from the traditional values and connect with those portrayed as cool and current, through the media and pop culture. During adolescence, one often struggles with choosing between what is right from wrong and the media often accentuates the lives of celebrities. Young children are known to emulate their role models, unconscious of the consequences that may result in their actions. The media has been proven to be detrimental to the health and lifestyle of the youth. The media has a strong impact on the appearance satisfaction of today’s youth. Young women are constantly comparing their bodies to the ones seen advertised on television commercials. Around 10 million females and 1 million males in the United States are suffering from eating disorders such as anorexia, bulimia, etc. After seeing these beautiful and flawless models on billboards and advertisements, many women are disturbed with their personal body images. This is known to be a main contributor to eating disorders around the world. Thus, the media has the effect to change one’s mental set up. Beauty and Body Image in the Media† is an article that explains the negative affect the media has on young women and how they view themselves. Images of female bodies are seen in films, TV, magazines, ads, etc. These models are engraving the perfect body image into the minds’ of the youth. Women’s magazines are full of ads influencing women that if they lose weight they’ll have it all. Researchers have observed that these images of thin and airbrushed models are associated with depression, loss of self-esteem, and the development of harmful eating habits. It’s been suggested that almost half of all preadolescent girls are dissatisfied with their appearances and either diet or think about dieting. Further, 50 to 70 percent of average weight girls feel that they’re overweight and 90 percent of women are frustrated with their body images. These advertisements are not only advertising their products, but they’re also selling an entire way of life. The media promotes tan, fit, and outward physical perfection in men and women. It is not only middle-aged adults who seek cosmetic surgery to alter their appearance. Today, children also undergo cosmetic procedures. In fact, in 2005 it was reported that children under the age of 18 underwent approximately 333,000 cosmetic procedures. Some included liposuction, breast augmentation, otoplasties (ear pinnings), and rhinoplasties (nose jobs). Teenagers of both genders are trying to acquire a perfect figure rather than living a healthy lifestyle and appreciating themselves for who they truly are. The media also has a reputation for promoting unhealthy choices, such as unprotected premarital sex and drug and alcohol use. The media is sending the wrong message to young adults that taking part in these activities is okay. The article, â€Å"The Media’s Influence Undermines America’s Morals†, by Tim LaHaye contains numerous examples of how the media is detrimental to the future of the United States. AIM, Accuracy In Media, and PMRC, Parents Music Resource Center, are organizations that support government regulation of the media. They believe that the media is destroying our culture and altering our values. Moviemakers, producers, and journalists are provoking sexual immorality in our society by explicitly exposing and promoting sexual relationships. The media is even found glamorizing teen pregnancies in the MTV series, 16 and Pregnant and Teen Mom. LaHaye states that, â€Å"the media’s power is seen in its degrading influence not only on the nation’s morals, but on†¦ virtually every area of life. † Music also plays a huge role in influencing teens toward becoming sexually active and provocative. â€Å"Rock Music Has a Negative Effect on the Youth†, by Rob Lamp is another article which states that rock music is somewhat accountable for the increase in teenage pregnancies. A counselor for pregnant teenagers believes that young girls are emulating celebrities. They are buying their albums and dressing like them. Today, 30 percent of all women loose their virginity before age sixteen. Violence sexuality has also become popular in music videos and song lyrics. Rap lyrics are being criticized by child advocate groups such as the American Academy of Pediatrics, for imparting the wrong message to the youth about sex and drugs. Misogamy is a derogatory or hateful comment geared towards girls and women and a lot of rap artists tend to include misogamy in their lyrics. The  APA has determined that today’s youth actually spends more time listening to and reading to the lyrics via the Internet to their favorite music than they do watching television. This council urges parents to be vigilant when it comes to knowing what their children are listening to. Lamp also states â€Å"the kind of electronic music played at raves has been associated with the use of drugs and alcohol. † The Robert Wood Johnson foundation backed a report titled â€Å"Substance Abuse: The Nations Number One Health Problem†, which shows juveniles are starting to use drugs and alcohol between the ages of 12 and 13. In fact, by eighth grade 52 percent of adolescents have used alcohol and 20 percent have used marijuana. This figure jumps to 80 percent use of alcohol and 49 percent use of marijuana by the 12th grade. A research conducted in 1997 showed that in the 200 most popular movie rentals, alcohol appears almost 93 percent of the time and illicit drugs appeared roughly 25 percent of the time. Further, of the 1,000 most popular songs, 27 percent were shown to include alcohol or drug references. These numbers have surely risen since 1997. In addition to music videos and song lyrics promoting premarital sex and drug/alcohol use, this form of media is also seen promoting violent behavior among adolescent teens. Robert Lamp also believes that â€Å"heavy metal and rap have been associated with reckless behavior and below-average academic performance†¦ heavy metal and rock music have also been associated with an increasing risk of suicide, depression, delinquency risk behavior, smoking, and conduct problems† (Neale 1). In recent years, lyrics are becoming more vulgar and inappropriate. The violence heard in rock music instigates adolescents to commit violent crimes. In Northport NY, a seventeen-year-old boy was slaughtered; the names of Ozzy Osbourne and his former band members were spray painted at the crime scene, along with many satanic symbols. Doctor Guttman, a Professor of Psychiatry at Northwestern University states that, â€Å"Rock has so often been involved in these things (violence, teen suicide, etc. ) many of us in psychiatry have had to take it more seriously. † 45 percent of about 1,200 rock music videos supervised were viewed as explicitly violent. Video games and movies also play a prominent role in promoting violence among youth. The article â€Å"Most Teens Play Violent Video Games†, by Ben Berkowitz and published in the Washington Post, states that â€Å"70 percent of American teenage boys have played the violent, but popular â€Å"Grand Theft Auto† video game, and they are more likely to have been in a fight than those who have not played. † It is clear that the violence depicted through these games are mimicked by youth who have difficulty distinguishing between fantasy and what is appropriate and acceptable in a realistic environment. Tim LaHaye gives a real life example of how the media affects certain people. In San Diego, a High School honor student watched An ABC horror movie on the life of Lizzy Borden, an infamous axe murderer in the 1890’s. After viewing this film, he decided to murder his mother, father, and sister. These examples illustrate how juvenile violence is promoted through music, video games, and movies. We live in a society that depends greatly on the media to impart information, allow for communication, and provide entertainment on a regular basis throughout our daily lives. It is vital that we are attentive and vigilant in deciding what our youth should be allowed to view and listen to, as we know there is a direct connection between what one consumes and what one in turn values, how one behaves and how one interacts in society. Too much exposure to the negative aspects of the media can be detrimental to one’s mental, emotional and physical health. The media influences how we perceive beauty, the healthful decisions we make, and how we interact socially. The negative media is harmfully transforming our ethical values of life and our outlook on society.

Culture Of Poverty Essay

Culture is a set of values and beliefs that influence the effectiveness also strategy formulation. It is a pattern of shared basic assumptions that people learn to produce behavioural norm. Poverty is being unable to provide yourself with comfort and material needs. Culture of poverty shows that those who are poor stay in poverty due to adapting the poverty burden. The world eliminates the culture of poverty through education and get their priorities straight and create micro-culture where the whole world will belong (Bass, 2005) I agree with the position that the poor are largely responsible for their own poverty because when they realize they are poor instead of working hard they start feeling helpless and not belonging and they feel that the society do not serve their needs. They feel they have no power therefore can not try to change their situation for the better and feel they are inferior and think that the rich are superior which make them not put effort to change their situation for the better. The poor also feel that they are unworthy and do not form any racial group and feel that they are unworthy and do not form any racial group and feel that they are discriminated by the members of the society. People who are poor do not know any history o becoming rich and acquiring wealth, they only know heir problems and shortcomings; they recognize only the poor conditions and only their neighborhood which is also living in poverty. Poor people have no knowedge, vision or ideas to compare themselves with other people who are rich for example they do not care whether they are in high class or low class. The poor should be encouraged to work hard and not accept the poverty burden in order to improve their lifestyle. CAUSES OF SOCIAL INEQUALITY RACISM This is the existence of a higher race and a lower race due to the higher race having superiority complex. This is as a result of having supernatural gifts that others do not have or being gifted in hunting and being courageous and being known to excel in war. this is recognized by possession of trophies gained after being a winner. The looser becomes the victim of the conqueror. When an individual experience personal superiority and see others as inferior social inequality will always be experienced (Fanning, 2000) SOCIAL STRATIFICATION This is where women politically and socially feel inferior. Old people are respected only when they are strong. In some tribes people rank high when they are initiated and also when they are granted new names. people are grouped together and accorded status depending on which group they belong either poor or rich. There are caste system where each individual is born in for example in India Brahmin is the caste at the top and untouchables is the bottom caste which is based on good or bad conduct. In Britain land was owned by nobility depending on family tradition, conduct or privileged who were the ruling group. SEXISM This is discriminating one another basing on gender for example women discrimination. These are attitudes or behaviours that make social roles to be stereotyped basing on gender. this also involves abusive behaviour to a person of opposite sex. In work place women are excluded in employment to the benefit of men. Employers fail to recruit women even though they have same or even higher qualifications than men. Women are also denied positions in politics whereby men dominate parliament with women being the minority. Sexism causes social inequality because women feel inferior to men and belief that they are weak and unproductive, they regard themselves with low esteem . they fail to use ideas they have and are not innovative. This makes all the work to be left to men to do and social inequality will always affect the society. EFFECTS OF SOCIAL INEQUALITY It brings about difference in religion where we have Christians, Muslims or Hindus of different religion and beliefs. Social class arises whereby those who belief they belong to same social class work together and leave out those of different social class (Bowen, 1948) Some people think they are inferiors and other superior leading to division and lack of unity. In terms of skin colour, there is radical distinction between black and white people. It can cause mental illness due to lack of improved technology and skills in treating illness. Low income earners lack basic needs due to lack of enough money to finance their basic needs. Unequal distribution of wealth between rich and poor in areas which are more productive than others for example mountain regions are more productive compared to lowland regions. REFERENCES 1. Madden Janice Fanning; Changes in Income inequality within US; W. E Upjohn Institute, 2000 2. Bowen Howard; Toward Social Economy; Rinehart, 1948 3. Bass Stephene; Reducing Poverty and sustaining the Environment; Earthscan,2005

Mic 206 Guidelines for Unknown Investigation Lab Report

MIC 206 Guidelines for Unknown Investigation Lab Report General Considerations: A. Papers must be typed, written in past tense, and in third person. (-50 if not typed) B. Paper Structure: Each section is to be headed with the appropriate heading. C. Format and Style 1. Format: a. Face Page: The face page should contain the title of the experiment, the author of the report, class section time, & date submitted. (1. 5 points) b. Page Format: (1. 5 points) 1. One-inch margins 2. Last name & page number as the header 3. Double spaced 4. Section headings . Other considerations: 1. Tables, charts, and figures should be clearly labeled with captions. Ex. Figure 1/Table 1. (2 points) 2. ALL genus and species names must be italicized and the genus name must be capitalized. The first time that a genus name is used, write it out in full (Pseudomonas aeruginosa). After that, one letter abbreviations may be used (P. aeruginosa). (3 points) D. Plagiarism: Remember that you may quote another person ’s work, or even paraphrase it as long as you give credit and cite the work you are quoting, paraphrasing, or referring. -50 if plagiarism occurs) 3. Parts of a Scientific Paper: A. Abstract: This appears first in the paper, but it is the last section written. In the Abstract: (1) state the major objective(s) and scope of the experiment, (2) briefly describe the methodology used, (3) summarize the results, and (4) state the major conclusions. (3 points) B. Introduction: In this section, you should provide general background information on the subject to aid the reader. This can be followed by a very brief description (1-2 sentences) of the problem that was investigated.Every report must include a clearly stated hypothesis. A hypothesis is a statement of what may or may not occur under defined conditions. Your hypothesis must be clearly (readily identifiable) presented in this section of your report. Remember that a hypothesis does not have to be correct, just testable. (5 poi nts) C. Materials and Methods: For this section, you should merely cite your laboratory manual sections and/or pages used. Any changes made to the procedure should also be noted in this section.Finally, any changes made to the directions outlined in this manual must be stated in the materials and methods section. For instance, if the directions stated that you should incubate your sample at 37(C for 1 hour, and you incubated your sample at 25(C for 30 minutes, you must note the deviation. If you use any procedures NOT in the lab manual, describe them fully and cite them. Do not do anything more than listed above for this section. (2 points) D. Results: You must describe what you did to obtain the data that you are presenting in this section (If in doubt – refer to a journal article).You should describe the data in such a manner that if the reader chose not to look at the figures, tables or graphs, they could still understand your data. The data must be summarized in figures, tables or graphs, which must be clearly labeled and referred to specifically by name when they are being discussed. You must present both your raw data and calculated results. For the calculated results, a sample calculation must be provided so that we can determine how you obtained the calculated values. When graphs are used, be sure that both axes are labeled correctly.Remember that the dependent variable is ALWAYS presented on the vertical axis. As a rule, the intersection of the X- and Y-axes should be the zero point. The spacing between time points should be proportional to the elapsed time. DO NOT USE BAR GRAPHS, they are not appropriate in this course. In the case of differential tests, you must describe in general terms what constitutes a positive and negative result. That way we can determine whether you are interpreting your results correctly. All data MUST be reported.Deleting data to suite your hypothesis is the same as inventing data in order to suite your hypothesis. I f there are data that appear to be erroneous, you may choose not to use those data or datum, but you must still include it in the results and justify your decision not to use it. Finally, if an experiment fails and you have no data, you may obtain results from a classmate or your instructor. You cannot receive full credit for a report that has no data analysis. If you use outside data, you must state the source of the results. (7 points) E.Discussion: This is the only section in which the use of the first person is acceptable. Remember, in your Discussion, you do not reiterate your results, rather you interpret them and discuss their meaning. Present a discussion of your results as it relates to your hypothesis. Bring attention to data that support your hypothesis. You must also bring attention to data that contradict your hypothesis and provide possible explanations for why the data do not correlate with your hypothesis. It is typically easier to write a discussion when your data d o not support your hypothesis.However, that does not mean you should create a hypothesis that will purposely not be correct. You should also compare and contrast your results with other work in the field; do your results and interpretations agree or disagree with other members of your class? outline considerations for the Discussion Section: 1. State you conclusions clearly and boldly 2. Summarize the supporting data (results) for each conclusion you draw. 3. Include the following in the discussion: a. Normal Microbiota of your bacteria b. Bergey’s Group Classification/ Identification c.Does your bacteria have a Role in Disease d. Does your bacteria have a Role in Biotechnology e. One unique fact, not previously reported above, that you found interesting f. What communal relationship does your bacteria have with our environment or our bodies. 4. End your paper with a short summary or conclusion regarding the significance of the experiment. (15 Points Discussion section) F. Bi bliography: In writing your Introduction, Mat & Meth, and Discussion, you will need to support your assertions and contentions with citations from the literature.You may cite such sources as journal articles, textbooks, the lab manual, an encyclopedia, a dictionary, or any other useful sources. Be very wary of using websites – anyone can write anything and put it on a website. There is no minimum or maximum number of references required for any given report. Citations and References shall be in American Society of Microbiology (ASM) style. (-25 points if you do not properly use ASM style) Obtained isolated colonies on MAC plate, from original unknown sample (1 point) Obtained isolated colonies on CAN/PEA plate, from original unknown sample (1 point) Note: isolated colonies must have been obtained from quadrant streaking original unknown mixed culture tube. If a second culture or a control culture was given to you, after failing to get isolated colonies from your original mixe d culture and you observed isolated colonies at that point, the 1 point is not earned. ) Identified Gram Negative bacteria: (2. 5 points) Identified Gram Positive bacteria: (2. 5 points) Report is written free of grammatical or mechanical errors as determined by the TA. (3 points) Source: Stout, V. MIC 302 Report Writing Guidelines. Arizona State University

Issues with the use of Internet and Electronic Media Essay

Abstract This study aims to tackle the growing issue relating to the widely use of internet and electronic media in the society.   Also, this research will also examine the impact of these technologies in the point of view of human ethical standards as well as how it affects the professional practice in psychology.   Ã‚   Table of Contents i. Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2    Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4 The American Psychological Association, Principles and Standards†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4 American Psychological Association Standard Ethical Principles of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Psychologists and Code of Conduct†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4 Ethical Committees of the American Psychological Association, main implementor of Rules and Procedures†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 8 Common Standards for Advertising, Avoidance of False or Deceptive   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Statements Media Presentation and Keeping Confidential Information†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 9 The Value of Maintenance, Dissemination and also proper Disposal of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Records†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 9 The Standards of Conducting Research the Importance of Consent in Research†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 10 Ethical Principles of Psychology and its Code of Conduct that Relates to Informing Consent†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 10 The Importance of Training and Supervision for People to embraced the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     right Ethical Standards of Life†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 11 The Importance of Ethical Community in the Ethical Practice and the Methods of Ethical Decision Making†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 13 Ethical Community impact on the Ethical Practices and Rightful decision Making†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 13 The Positive Effect of Internet and Electronic Media in the field of Psychology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 14 The Internet and What Lies ahead in the Field of Psychology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 14 Psychological Experiments that can be conducted on the Internet †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 15 General Issues†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 15 Cross-cultural experimentation and Individual differences†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 15    The Concept of Humanistic Psychology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 16    Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 16    Recommendation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 17    References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 18 Introduction In today’s information world where technological practices brought about by internet and other high-tech media, we can always say that there come a time that we forget about our responsibilities of protecting our ethical standards and values.   One of the main reasons is that people are starting to rely only in the information that is being feed to them.   One profession that also being affected by this growing change is the psychological profession, where the common standards, practices and acceptable principles are changing due to the many information that both media and the internet has provided. In this study, it will focus not only on the effect it brings to our lives but also hoe this can be of help, if only we apply the right ethical standards and principles of psychology.   Facts and figures will also be presented to this study in order for the readers to be convinced that not everything that comes from the internet and electronic media are non-relevant information, and in contrast this study will try to prove that with these technologies and information it provides, it can create a highly effective person with the right ethical standards and most especially without affecting the best practices and principles that the psychological profession applied. The American Psychological Association, Principles and Standards American Psychological Association Standard Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct APA or the American Psychological Association has been the organization for years now that continually helps and maintain standards and policies that helps human to understand and appreciate way of life.   The organization has provided numerous rules and principles that help in forming the ideal conduct of a person regardless of status in life.   In this research since the issue is about how information are now being exploited or used by many, whether for personal or even corporate advantage with the use of internet and electronic media.   It has created a monster in the field of information campaign, many parties where overused, like possessed are copied without proper consent or sometimes unethical way of presenting information are formed in order to catch attention of readers or viewers.   These are just some of the obvious reasons, why this topic or issue is very important. American Psychological Association also has become the main organization that has establish the right principles and practices to be perform in order to provide assistance in helping people to become not only ethically upright but also practice high degree of respect to his well-being.   Some of the major principles that it applies are: Fidelity and Responsibility, Integrity, Justice and most especially Respect for people’s rights and dignity.   These are the major principles that the organization wants us to perform, observe and adhere in our daily lives.   If we relate this to internet and electronic media, it is really obvious that there are issues and problems it really generates. Take for instance; like for the internet, almost anybody can use it without any restriction, meaning it can be used by anyone, anywhere and everywhere.   Students, if they will not be allowed to use their computers to do â€Å"chat† or play â€Å"network games† at home, they could still have the chance to do it when they are outside their homes and how much more if they are outside their school.   These are just some of the major impact of internet alone.   The problem here is that for these young generations, their attitude becomes affected and that affects the major principles that were mentioned earlier.   (Bersoff, D, 2003, pp. 6-10). Here the complete lists of APA ethical principles: Principle A: Beneficence and Nonmaleficence Principle B: Fidelity and Responsibility Principle C: Integrity Principle D: Justice Principle E: Respect for People’s Rights and Dignity But again these can also be a question on how children are raised by their parents, because there are instances that some children are being given too much liberty or freedom and in effect they will do whatever they can.   One very common and good example is that, a parent may always entrusted their children that they will do their work in school and in doing this they would even encourage their children to work with somebody outside in order to practice their inter-personal relationship.   But, in doing these, parents must also consider that there might be some problems if too much freedom is given and that should be the one that needs to be addressed. Just to present the possible trend that may actually happened in the future based from the 1999 National Institute on Media and the Family, the effect of non-proper monitoring in children for television and the use of internet really affects their studies and even affected up to their personal well-being.   In their study about 51% from a range of children ages 2-17, says that parents observed that children are affected by violence they see on video games. But, more alarming is that 57% of children are more affected by violence that they see on television and movies.   That is also why parents percentage of concerns also goes high between 77% to 81% that they are also not taking any chances of finding ways how their children in the same age group not to be exposed on violent and sexual content television shows and movies that has become the main ingredients in the industry these days just to attract viewers and movie goers.   (Gentile, D.A. & Walsh, D.A., 1999).   (See Table 1)    Always Often Sometimes Rarely Never How often families have a TV on during meals 18% 22% 26% 18% 16% How often families have a TV on even if no one is watching it * 27% 27% 27% 19% How often children watch educational TV 8% 39% 39% 11% 3% How often children see parents read * 65% 25% 7% 3% How often children have TV on while doing homework 4% 12% 14% 22% 48% How often children copy characters they have seen on TV * 15% 35% 32% 18% How often parents monitor how their children use the Internet 52% 15% 12% 8% 13% How often parents talk to their children about the music they listen to * 48% 34% 12% 6% Not given as a possible option Table 1. Common Television Pattern of Children But this may not anymore true since there are many changes and directives and policies that were implemented that shows that children are now aware of the impact of it in their lives as well as in their families.   Like, in a more recent and reliable studies presented in the next table, particularly when it comes to smoking and healthy life style of children as to how media affects to it, it shows that children are now careful and would always think of how they can prioritize their lives by looking at their bright future.   (See Figure 1 and 2). Figure 1. Sub-section: Smoking/ Media and Risky Behavior Figure 2. Sub-section: Alcohol Use/ Media and Risky Behavior In the two figures above, it only shows that there is some remarkable improvement that is happening in the past decade and this should continue in order to really make sure that children concern against the media is being addressed.   But in the two figure, the alcohol use for both 9th and 10th grade are just two of the major concerns, because it shows here that they might be more prone to be affected and enticed by media since the graph shows that there are no much remarkable developments in the curve that was presented. But, among the major principles that were emphasized, respect has been the principle that greatly affected in this study.   Under this principle one major characteristic of ethical practice is confidentiality.   In the internet there are major issues that can also be relating to it.   Take for instance information in the internet or even in the electronic media are sometimes exploited and being used for personal and competitive advantage and not anymore preserving it.   (Media and Risky Behavior, 2007). Ethical Committees of the American Psychological Association, main implementor of Rules and Procedures In the APA organization, a committee is given the over-all power in the proper implementation of the rules and procedures, which has been always for the best caring of the organization.   These said rules and procedures are yearly being reviewed and being paneled in order to see if it still appropriate and can address the different issues that human may encounter. (Bersoff, D, 2003, pp. 26-35).   Common Standards for Advertising, Avoidance of False or Deceptive Statements Most of us these days would consider internet and electronic media as one of the easiest source of information.   Information that sometimes without knowing can really affect our ethical standards, like the way we used these information in our daily lives.   With the way they advertised products as well as how it also inculcate the minds of everyone that would really â€Å"make believe† their audience about the many advantages of their product, sometimes it could also labeled us as a person as to how our ethical standards is measured.   (Fisher, C, 2003, pp. 103-105) One of the major issues here is about providing false and deceptive statements or information.   This is one major issue that needs to be address since there are many unreliable information that may come from either in the internet or electronic media.   This information sometimes reflects and builds our own personality and values.   Values that also affects our ethical standards in life. Media Presentation and Keeping Confidential Information As media becomes one of the major cornerstones of information delivery to everyone and as the confidentiality of it is always being tackled, there are some very good example as to how confidential information is really important to some businesses and industries.   This also helps us understand that keeping confidential information is really not only part of our human ethical practice but also has become a major part of the business process of many industries around the world. (Fisher, C, 2003, pp. 109-111). In keeping this confidential information, there are many good examples of information that really needs to be kept in properly and safe.   One of which is HIPAA information or the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, it is actually enacted by the US Congress in 1996, that these information should be kept confidential at all times.   It is said to be one of the most confidential information that needs to be kept by all Government Health Services in the United States.   The main reason is that this information may also cause a lot of damage to the credibility of a person if used. (Fisher, C, 2003, p. 116). Other example of confidential information that has been classified are education and forensic records which are also highly confidential, like the latter is usually being used for police investigation and being presented as evidence in the court.   (Fisher, C, 2003, pp. 117-118) The Value of Maintenance, Dissemination and also proper Disposal of Records In order to address this concerns regarding confidentiality there should be proper and well defined process of maintenance, dissemination as well as disposal of information.   In this way information will not be used for bad purpose or at least problems may be minimized.   With the process put in place, people will be aware of how they can manage information and designated check points can be created in order to make sure that it really follows the right procedures. (Fisher, C, 2003, pp. 119-120) The Standards of Conducting Research the Importance of Consent in Research One of the better processes that should start for internet or electronic media is to practice and adhere to one of the best standard in conducting research is that it should first ask for consent in using the information.   Because only by asking for consent on the information would make it more binding, lawful and most especially ethical to the owner of the information as well as for the people who would get the information.   This also immediately eliminates the notion of non-conformance to confidentiality issues, which really a big effect on the principle of respect to the dignity of other people. (Fisher, C, 2003, pp. 146-155). Ethical Principles of Psychology and its Code of Conduct that Relates to Informing Consent At this point, it will provide more relevant information as to how important consent and how it is being performed properly by one person who is getting the information.   Just like for example a professional psychologist who would ask for information to his patient must need to ask for consent to their patients and most of the time, there is a waiver form that is signed by the patients that says every information that may come along during the procedure is confidential.   The following are the detailed step that needs to be done in these procedures of asking for consent: Must provide a clear explanation Must seek the individual’s assent or approval Needs to consider persons’ preferences and best interest, and Obtain appropriate permission from legal authorities. In these steps, it only shows that asking for consent is not a simple way to do and individuals must always respect these processes because this is where issues comes along.   Issues that your confidential information might be used wrongfully.   (Pope, K., 2008). The Importance of Training and Supervision for People to embraced the right Ethical Standards of Life It is true that not all are well trained or at least well informed on the right ethical standards that they have to do either in business or in school.   Many just considers that everything is given the freedom to do whatever they prefer doing without really focusing on the effect it might bring to the public.   Internet and electronic media has been two of the common target to these issues. But the issues is not always on its people or practice that they embraced in their lives but there are many cases that industries and even schools are the ones that has the problem and even parents as well.   These people in authority must provide adequate trainings and supervision in order to solidify the process.   This also would help not only in the proper implementation if the right ethical standards but also would be necessary in the continuing development of policies and processes that may be impactful in the development of human ethical standards.   (Nagy, T., 2000, pp. 129-135) This has proved a lot worthy to parents in some of the major states and cities in the US, where with the proper monitoring made by parents, children slowly becomes aware of what they do and what they see.   This also shows that time management and choosing the right program and activities that they must do is essential and they should be there to guide and explain their child about the impact on them.   (See Table 2 to 4). Bay Area Percent       Very Positive   8.5% Somewhat Positive 42.1% Somewhat Negative 25.1% Very Negative   4.7% Too Young to Say 13.8%          Table 2. Parents Ratings on Effect of Media: 2006 @ Bay Area Alameda and Contra Costa Counties Percent       Very Positive   9.6% Somewhat Positive 43.8% Somewhat Negative 22.1% Very Negative   5.8% Too Young to Say 13.7% Table 3. Parents Ratings on Effect of Media: 2006 @ Alameda and Contra Costa Countries San Mateo County Percent       Very Positive   7.5% Somewhat Positive 42.6% Somewhat Negative 23.3% Very Negative   3.3% Too Young to Say 16.2% Table 4. Parents Ratings on Effect of Media: 2006 @ San Mateo County Santa Clara County Percent       Very Positive   8.9% Somewhat Positive 40.6% Somewhat Negative 24.2% Very Negative   4.5% Too Young to Say 15.5% Table 5. Parents Ratings on Effect of Media: 2006 @ Sta. Clara County Definition: Percentage of parents who rated the effects of media, including television, movies, music, and the like, at each level. Data Source: A survey of Bay Area parents commissioned by the Lucile Packard Foundation for Children’s Health. Polling conducted by the Survey Policy and Research Institute at San Jose State University. August 2006. Full results available at http://www.kidsdata.org/parentpoll/    In this table that were presented above, it only shows that media may not always give negative impact to children or people, most especially if the families, communities and organization works together in helping children or other people adhere to right ethical standards and processes.   Supervision and training can also make a big difference in order to achieve positive impact of electronic media.   (Parent Ratings on Effect of Media: 2006, 2006). III. The Importance of Ethical Community in the Ethical Practice and the Methods of Ethical Decision Making    Ethical Community impact on the Ethical Practices and Rightful decision Making In the previous topics, the main focus was mainly on the standard principles of ethical standards in the APA perspective and how it affects the issues that arise on internet and electronic media.   Now, the main focus is on how people be regarded to perform the right ethical standards having to respect the ethical community they belong.   Associations and organizations has always been the back bone of any entities in the world.   These organizations are also said to be the main community that needs to make sure that people are properly following the right policies of ethical standards. Penalties are even one part of the implementation that also needs to be force if needed.   That is also why people make the right decision based on these communities and not just their own personal judgment.   Communities makes ethical standards easily be followed because with it, people could easily set himself or herself that by doing such actions, they could either be penalized or be recognized for their actions and with that, they become more responsible and respectful to others.   (Sales, B.D. & Folkman, S., pp. 65-109). The Positive Effect of Internet and Electronic Media in the field of Psychology The Internet and What Lies ahead in the Field of Psychology It is true that the growing demand for information is really picking up, like in the field of psychiatry and psychological profession.   With the importance of having these processes to be accessible to anybody in order for them to apply the best practice fast and efficient, internet has becomes the only solution for it.   Internet has provided the best layered presentation of information that people can get almost anywhere in the world.   With its vast presence everywhere, internet has provided its own need for the people and that is not only to gain information but also to be prepared for much more to come, where more conveniently is given to them. Some of the advantages it provides in the field of Psychology in particular are that, it becomes an avenue of interchange amongst professional psychologist where exchanging of information and providing feedbacks happened.  Ã‚   It also has become a major development for this kind of profession to be able to provide these information conveniently and fast to its clients, not anymore doing it in a more traditional and tedious way.   (Huang, MP & Alessi NE, 1996). Psychological Experiments that can be conducted on the Internet In order to really see the effect of internet to an individual, there are proven effective experimentation that can be applied, and this includes: general issue and issues affecting cultural differences of people. General Issues In the general issues, there are sub-categories that have been included: decision making on the lab and on the internet and the other one is the validity of the web based psychological search.   In the first sub-category that was selected in this study, which is decision making on the lab as against in the internet, it shows that better and more effective decisions can be made in the lab since the information can easily be decided due to its minimal number of information that can be analyzed.   While in the internet, it has been proven difficult since the information are too much and sometimes individuals may find it difficult to evaluate the information and with that failure to get the more fruitful information is most of the time experienced. Cross-cultural experimentation and Individual differences Since internet is visited by everybody, regardless of their age or even gender and most especially the choice of information if always been the case for internet.   This has become a major trend that sometimes interpretation and understanding also becomes an issue.   Standards are sometimes affected by this approach.   Depending on the person who has adopted the approach that he or she has research, that will be the basis of his or her findings.   This also sometimes affects the personality also of the person which follows their ethical standards as well.   (Birnbaun, M, 2000). The Concept of Humanistic Psychology In order to really understand the issue and how we can clearly think of a better way how to address it, there are reliable set of values that we can apply in humanistic psychology that not only provides direction but also simple guidelines as to how internet and electronic media really affects human ethical well being.   The following core values are: (1) a belief in the worth of persons and dedication to the development of human potential, (2) an understanding of life as a process, change is inevitable, (3) an appreciation of the spiritual and intuitive, (4) a commitment to ecological integrity, and lastly, (5) a recognition of the profound problems affecting our world and a responsibility to hope and constructive change. This only says that the belief of a person that he can do the right thing and be recognized is very important.   Many people still do not apply this simple and yet very effective ways on how to motivate one self as well as well as others is very important and this can effectively be used in addressing the issues that brought about by internet and electronic media against human ethical standards.   (Humanistic Psychological Overview, 2008). VII. Summary In this study, with the information that were presented and the facts that were provided, it only shows that the issues that brought about by internet and electronic media does not always resulted to negative.   This was proven on the facts and figures that were presented in this paper. This study only shows and carefully explains that ethical standards of an individual may only be driven by as to how the person rely on his judgment as well as how committees and person in authorities perform their duties in order to make sure if the right practice and principles of ethical standards is followed.   Parents also seen to be a major part in the proper development of an individual because with their guidance and supervision not only with the committees, it helps children in particular to be more responsible in using internet and electronic media only to times that they really needed it and not for any other reasons. VIII. Recommendations In this study since it was very clear that being obliged to do what is right is really necessary to everyone and following the right principles and guidelines are also needed in order to achieve and apply the best and highly effective ethical standards that not only address issues regarding internet and electronic media but also not affecting the values being set by the psychological profession.   In this study it has recommended that all organizations must start to adhere the right ethical principles at all times in order for their people to be well guided accordingly on the right practices that they need to do at work. Secondly, parents and guardians must also be active in monitoring and supervising their children at home, because it will also help in solidifying the process in the minds of the children and that would also help them thinks the effect in their own personal way of life, most especially their values.   Lastly, is to educate oneself that nothing good will give if lack of respect will be applied and that will only promote negative attitude which affects ethical standards and behavior. References Bersoff, D. (2003). Ethical Conflicts in Psychology 3e. American Psychological Association, USA, pages 6-50. Birnbaun, M. (2000). Psychological Experiment on the Internet. Retrieved July 5, 2008, from http://psych.fullerton.edu/mbirnbaum/web/IntroWeb.htm Fisher, C. (2003). Decoding the Ethics Code: A Practical Guide for Psychologists 1e. Sage Publications, Inc., California USA, pages 103-155. Gentile, D.A. & Walsh, D.A. (1999). National Survey of Family Media Habits, Knowledge and Attributes. Retrieved July 4, 2008, from http://www.mediafamily.org/research/report_mqexecsum.shtml Huang, MP & Alessi NE. (1996). The Internet and the Future of Psychiatry. Retrieved July 5, 2008, from http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/153/7/861?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=Internet+and+eLECTRONIC+mEDIA+ISSUES&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&sortspec=relevance&resourcetype=HWCIT Humanistic Psychological Overview. (2008). Association for Humanistic Psychology. Retrieved July 5, 2008, from http://www.ahpweb.org/aboutahp/whatis.html Media and Risky Behavior. (2008). The Future of Children Site. Retrieved July 4, 2008, from http://www.futureofchildren.org/information2850/information_show.htm?doc_id=676348 Nagy, T. (2005). Ethics in Plain English: An Illustrative Casebook for Psychologists 2e. American Psychological Association, USA, pages 129-135. Parents Rating on Effects of Media: 2006. (2008). Kidsdata.org. Retrieved July 4, 2008, from http://www.kidsdata.org/topictables.jsp?t=36&i=1&ra=3_132 Pope, K. (2008). Informed, Consent in Psychotherapy & Counseling. Retrieved July 4, 2008, from http://kspope.com/consent/index.php Sales, B.D. & Folkman, S. (2000). Ethics in Research with Human Participants. 1e,